Original ideas come from seeing problems differently. These models break the default framing and open up new ways to think.
First-principles thinking: reason from what's true, not what's assumed
Inversion: solve problems backward by asking how to fail
The map is not the territory
In a complex world, generalists often beat specialists
Flow happens when challenge meets skill
Creative destruction: the new can't arrive without burying the old
Via negativa: improve by removing, not adding
Optionality: keep choices open when the future is uncertain
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